TIme Between Us Respone

Time Between Us by Tamari Ireland Stone is about a girl (Anna), and boy (Bennett) and their extremely complicated but sweet relationship. Anna and Bennett were never supposed to meet: she lives in 1 995 Chicago and he lives In 2012 San Francisco. But Bonnet's unique ability to travel through time and space brings him into Anna's life, the only reason was to Walt for his sister who got lost In 1995. Although as he runs into Anna, things get even more complicated.He can't help but all for her and she doesn't deny. As their relationship deepens, they face the reality that time might knock Bennett back where he belongs; even as a devastating crisis throws everything they believe Into question. Although in the end Anna makes a choice which changes her past and future and thankfully she makes the right choice so Bennett gets the opportunity to stay In her life. When I opened the book I was expecting to be blown away by another bittersweet tale of love. I guess my expectations were too high because in all honesty I was disappointed. To really restated in the beginning when they wouldn't tell us the whole story and kept us guessing, and like a mystery as much as the next girl but after a while it got tiring and I Just wanted to know what was really going on. I dreaded especially the parts when Bennett kept changing his attitude towards Anna, like one time he liked her and another time he couldn't stand her, those parts really got to me and I felt like throwing the book across the room because it just kept going round and round and not getting to the point.Of course that made sense later on because he was redoing he moment but those first few chapters were torture and it got me extremely confused at times. I also thought they should've told us more about Brooke because as soon as her purpose was fulfilled in the story (to have Bennett travel back to 1965 and run Into Anna), It seemed Like Stone was In a rush to get her out of the picture.I was really disappointed when s he didn't even get mentioned again and when they introduced that she was missing, it had me really excited to find out the more but it didn't extend further than that and I wish it had because that mystery was killing me ND also the part when she supposedly ‘returns' and travels back with Bennett to 2012. Stone Just briefly mention that she has returned and that's it. Full stop. No details of where she had been or Is she was k, because if I was knocked into a completely different decade, I'm sure I wouldn't come back the same person.So I was pretty interested in finding out how she was but sadly Stone did not satisfy my curiosity. This novel changed my views on couples, used to think couples break up over silly things and get back together and the cycle continues, but this story made e think that it's all about choices, if Anna had chosen to spend the summer waiting for him, she would've been dies appointed, but she choose to live her life and that way she would've been happy with or without Bennett and Bennett did eventually come applies to reality as well.Everything depends on the choices we make, for example choosing to go to university, choosing to work hard for a degree, choosing to get a good Job and choosing to be happy. So it depends on the choice you make which determines your future. Vive read similar text like this before (romance) although hat made this one different was that it introduced a fictional problem I never thought couples would have to face. I thought only certain things couples had to deal with but I never imagined time travel would be one of those things.And I'm sure they don't have to face such things in real life but the author wrote it in such a way that it all seemed perfectly believable. Even through time travel was a huge aspect of the novel, I could easily forget that it wasn't actually a normal factor in a relationship. It was a lovely mix of delightful real life relationship problems and fictional issues that pet me hook ed in because this was something new to read about, rather than the common: girl meets boy, lies, secrets, challenges, issues, they work it out in the end, live happily ever after.This had all that but that extra fresh and exciting fictional topic which made it really compelling to read. Near the end of the book when Anna is left feeling sad and broken, (because Bennett left) she goes to her friend's music shop and listens to the songs playing in the background. I really like this part because the lyrics to the song are so exactly relatable to what Anna is feeling. Anna gets so captivated by the song and that all she hear and that use of imagery was something I found very beautifully fitting into this part of the book.I can exactly imagine Anna sitting in an isle of the store collapsed and soaking up the music which is so relatable to here and I can feel her tears falling down as her friend fusses over her trying to figure out what's wrong. The lyrics go so well with the situation: â€Å"Take me to another place, she said Take me to another time†¦ Take me where the whispering breezes†¦ Can lift me up and spin me around. If I could I would, but I don't know how. I'm melting into nothing†¦ I felt that as she heard the lyrics I could see her expressions changing as she recognized the words and as she let them take her over. Even though she didn't tell us directly she was breaking, I could imagine this scene and it explained it all perfectly. The connection to the wider world is that heartbreak is a very common side effect of love which is why it is proven 1 in 3 marriages will end in divorce. It's always complicated weather in books, movies and in reality.It gets confusing and difficult but it's the most magical thing in one's life and Just like Anna and Bonnet's love story love is usually forbidden in one way or another. When Bennett left Anna and she was broken, I felt really bad but I could also relate to her and I'm sure millions of other girl s could too because the connection that her and Bennett had was so deep and suddenly one day you wake and the realization hits you like a tsunami, that it's no more. It's all gone. Millions of people experience this and I think that Stone has done.

Gambling and Public Policies

A public policy is a deliberate preparation of action created and expected to direct and assist decision making in able to attain rational outcomes. The word â€Å"public policy† applies to different sectors of the society. This includes: government, the private sector, non-government organizations, groups and other individuals. Examples of public policies are taken from presidential executive orders, corporate privacy policies, and parliamentary rules of order and other similar laws. Public policies are different from rules or laws.Laws can induce or prohibit behaviors while a policy merely guides actions on the way to those that are most likely to accomplish their desired outcomes. Public policies can be viewed and seen as political, management, financial, and administrative mechanisms that are created and arranged to reach specific goals. Gambling Casting lots and playing board games have moved to online casinos, peer to peer gambling and sports gambling. What does a casino , a roulette wheel and other forms of gambling have in common? They all provide a huge chance of winning loads of money.This is because they are based on the principle of greed and sloth. Presently, our casino’s today marks a lot in history. The very idea that makes people gamble has been going on since the creation of men. (Higgins, 2006) This paper will focus on positive and negative effects of gambling, other forms of gambling like gambling on sports and finally after providing enough information about the different aspects of gambling as a whole and how public policies affect this. This paper will give a statement of whether gambling o sports in the USA should be legalized or not.Just like everything in this wretched world, I believe that gambling has its good side and bad side. There are a lot of positive benefits of gambling that a lot of persons are not even being aware of. It is always important to look at both this sides of the story before deciding whether or not ga mbling is a good idea or not. There will always be many negative effects of gambling on people and society. One of the most common positive features of gambling in sports is that many people enjoy the gambling as a sport and hobby. These people don’t have any problems with gambling at all. These are the positive sides of gambling issue.Gambling on sports provides a lot of money for community raising activities The argument clearly tells us that people who are having fun with gambling shouldn’t suffer just because other people are having a hard times controlling themselves. In my opinion, there are many positive and negative sides of gambling. All these effects include the effects of gambling on families. Spending all your money on gambling is one of the problems of gambling. This act will affect your family. They will have nothing to spend, nothing to eat, nothing drink, and nothing to pay bills and other stuff.Internet gambling only made the situation much worse. Gamb ling on the internet made a lot of people lose huge amounts of money because of its easy accessibility. However, all of the money which is spent on gambling is used to help a lot of people so this gives us another aspect about the story of gambling. Public Policies and Gambling Public policies greatly affect the gambling scene because they either promote or prohibit the gambling scene. Most of the time, state policies regarding gambling are in favor of the act. Most of them are having this â€Å"legalized gambling† policy.Discussing about legalized gambling will bring us to a point which we should evaluate our own knowledge on this matter. Doing legalized gambling is a very confusing act. One of the things that get often overlooked in the idea that gambling is wrong is the benefits of legalized gambling in sports. So many people say that gambling is wrong and they fail to notice that there are benefits of legalized gambling. (Ahlberg et al. , 2004) The benefits of legalized c asino gambling are that sometimes people are gambling for fun and for entertainment, and the money that they spend is then being used for good.People fail to notice these legalized gambling benefits, because sometimes the cost of legal gambling vs. benefits is something that is really hard for some people to discover. . Even though there are lots of people with gambling problems in sports, there are also lots of benefits of legalized gambling in sports. (Ghanimian et al. , 2006) If people with problems can seek help, then the benefits of legalized gambling can be shared by everyone. It is simply too hard for some people to see that there might be benefits to legalized gambling in sports, because it is true that lots of people’s lives have been destroyed by gambling.However, gambling in sports makes lots of money for the state, and this money goes to many different programs, some of which even help people who have gambling problems. There are simply a lot of benefits to weight before a decision is made. Conclusion Gambling in sports, obviously presents strong proof and confirmation that humans still possess the greed and sloth in their mind and body. Without thinking a lot about the consequences, many of today’s citizens still do a lot of gambling and spend a lot of money in â€Å"chance† games whether it is gambling related in sports, cockfighting, card games, or just a simple guessing game.Advertisements and attractive promos give way to the impending financial crisis of people and families who are affected by snakes of the gambling syndrome. No matter how many laws we the government creates to control or suppress it. It will always come out on top. Why? This is because it is human nature to desire for more and do it the risky way. Legalized gambling will make people realize that if they already lost everything then they only have themselves to blame. It is always the responsibility of each individual to take care of his/her own self.If y ou gamble a lot then you must be ready for the consequences. Everything in this world has its own limits. People who do not control themselves in gambling will really destroy their lives and families. Knowing when to stop and how to stop should always be in the minds of gamblers. Laws that ban gambling in certain areas only fuel the desires of gamblers to do more gambling. It is better to legalize gambling because it helps the economy. Individual problems of people who are addicted to gambling should not be the point of interest. We are responsible for ourselves and for own actions.Legalizing gambling around the world will generate a lot of money to help the needy and the poor people. It should be our principle that everything in excess is BAD. Self control is the answer to all gambling related problems, not laws or even bans stop the desire for gambling. It is SELF-CONTROL. Works Cited Ahlberg, P. E. and Clack, J. A. â€Å"Anti Gambling. † Natural ,410 (2004): 737–759 . Carroll, R. L. ,. Effects of Gambling, NY: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1988. Daeschler, E. B. , and Shubin, Neil.. Casino Madness Chance Games, 391(1998):133. Daeschler, E. B. , Shubin, N. H. , and Jenkins, F. A. , Jr. â€Å"Double Digits.† Femme Royale, 410 (2002): 717–793. Shiraz Ghanimian and David Saryan. Money Talks. Summary. California State Convention 2006. Higgins, P.. â€Å"Casino Man: Case of the Relentless† 2006. 1 Mar 2006 Muller, G. B. â€Å"Economic Crisis† J. evol. biol. 10 (1997): 821-828. Patterson, R. Gamling Exposed. NY: Macmillan, 2007. Poctja and Springer. History of Gambling. The American Geographical Institute and The Paleontological Society, 2002. Poctja and Springer. Evolution of Men and their Crimes. The American Geographical Institute and The Paleontological Society, 2004. Lolo and Lola. Game On. The Journal of the American Casino, 2005.

Mediterranean fruit fly (ceratitis capitat) in NewZealand Essay

Mediterranean fruit fly (ceratitis capitat) in NewZealand - Essay Example It is also referred to as the med fly for short. It belongs to the Animalia Kingdom. Its phylum is anthropoda. The class is an insect. The order is diptera. The family is tephritidae and the genus ceratitis ("Ceratitis capitata," 2011). As a species of fruit fly, the insect is able to cause significant damage to a wide array of fruit agricultural crops. This insect is native to the Mediterranean region; however, it has spread to many other parts of the globe. These areas include Australia, as well as a variety of regions throughout North and South America. This fruit fly’s invasive nature has made it a particular problem in many of these regions. In terms of reproductive elements the fruit fly lays its eggs under the skins of fruit. This occurs most frequently in fruit where the skin is already broken. After three days, the larvae develop inside the fruit. While the insect has been viewed largely as an invasive species, it additionally has an ecological purpose as it can serve to control specific plant growth. There are significant implications for the Mediterranean fruit fly’s invasion into New Zealand. In understanding these implications there is the understanding that this insect has caused significant problems in other areas. Attacks between 1975 and 1993 in California cost the state over $170 million in prevention measures. Australia and Hawaii experienced similar incursions of the fruit fly. In Australia, over 200 fruit crops became infested before preventions measures were put into place. For New Zealand, it’s noted that there would be a significant impact on the horticulture industry ("Mediterranean fruit fly," 2011). This is highly significant because of the impact it would have on the New Zealand economy, including potential job losses. Indeed, it’s noted that among the products that there are more than $58 million worth of crops that are in the highly susceptible range

Bibliography for Ayuba Suleiman Diallo Annotated

For Ayuba Suleiman Diallo - Annotated Bibliography Example being sold accidentally as a slave and undergoing harsh treatments as a slave, Ayuba finally found his way back home having made friends with many prominent people in England. His account provides insight information of how life was during the eighteenth century in America. 1. Bluett, Thomas. Some Memoirs of the Life of Job: The Son of Solomon the High Priest of Boonda in Africa; who was a Slave about Two Years in Maryland; and Afterwards Being Brought to England, was Set Free, and Sent to His Native Land in the Year 1734. By Thomas Bluett,...Vol. 9. Richard Ford, 1734. This is a description of the life of Ayuba Suleiman Diallo by Thomas Bluett. Bluett was later involved in Ayuba’s life. He was also responsible for his freedom. This is the main source of information about Ayuba Suleiman giving detailed accounts of Ayuba. What lead exactly to his capture and release after two years of hardship in Maryland. This article gives an account of Ayuba’s life. How he was captured in Gambia River, taken to Maryland as a slave for about two years. He was a slave till he finally ended up in England, was set free and sent to his native land. William Piersen gives an account of Africans who appeared at the English Court. Among these Africans, was Job Ben Solomon, who was highly celebrated. Ayuba dined with the royal family and other prominent people in the English Society. In fact, he was well recognised by them that they rewarded him with an expensive present before leaving for his native land. This is an account of Ayuba Suleiman’s rise to popularity while in England. His struggles and successes are narrated in this book. Struggles like working a tobacco firm where he experienced difficulties working since he wasn’t used to such hard labor and successes like meeting Her Majesty, the Queen of England who gave him a gold watch as a present. In this book, Douglas also writes a detailed life of Ayuba as according to Bluett Memoir. He tells of how Ayuba was captured,

Appointing vs. Electing Judges to the Supreme Court Essay

Appointing vs. Electing Judges to the Supreme Court - Essay Example Supreme Court Justices should be appointed and not elected despite arguments against the practice. Supreme Court Justices are appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. This view is not approved by all of the American public. Some see it as just a game between the President and Senate. The president â€Å"shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint" various high-level executive and judicial officers† which includes Supreme Court Justices (Amar and Amar). It could be speculated that the President and Senate make and approves appointments for personal reasons such as individual politics. For example, conservatives appoint conservatives, like Bush’s appointment of Clarence Thomas. Another argument is too much power comes to the nine Supreme Court Justices, since these judges are not elected. Bork suggests â€Å"The nations of the West are increasingly governed not by law or elected representatives, but by unelected, unrepresentative, unaccountable committees of lawyers applying no law other than their own will† (13). Many major decisions have been made by nine Justices. An example would be when the Supreme Court ordered schools to be desegregated. This decision still affects children today. For years students were bussed from one end of the town to another just to integrate schools on the Supreme Court Justices’ ruling. The appointments of Supreme Court Justices are a vote of the people, even though they are not direct elections. The President and Senate are both elected by the people. This allows the people a voice, but in a narrower way. The safeguard is once the Justice has their appointment, the President or Senate no longer has any power over them. Founding Fathers of the United States put this checks and balance system into place. â€Å"Presidents and Senators are free to base their decisions on the likely voting patterns of nominees, but may not extract pledges or promises†

COM101 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

COM101 - Essay Example ce the audience that a child raised by a gay couple is no different from other children, he uses his achievements in school and his small business to illustrate this fact. He also uses examples from his own family to show that this family is no different from others. Finally, the overall structure of the presentation was excellent. He starts by introducing himself as a son of a lesbian couple, offers his supporting arguments and then closes by restating that children raised by gay couples are just like any other children. This organization helps to bring out the key points clearly. However, this presentation could have been more effective if the speaker had used a slower pace in his speech. Some of the words may not be captured by everyone in the audience, especially those whose first language is not English. Secondly, in order to address concerns the audience may have had, the speaker should have taken some time to respond to the questions from the audience. Finally, in order to make his argument more convincing, he needed to give some statistics relating to the issue. For example, he could give statistics relating to children raised by gay couples in Iowa

The Notion of Type and its Importance in the 20th Century Essay

The Notion of Type and its Importance in the 20th Century - Essay Example Deutscher Werkbund was established in 1907 by Hermann Muthesius and Friendrich Naumann in order to consolidate art and industry . The debates surrounding Werkbund focused on Muthesius' concept of â€Å"Typisierung†. According to Muthesius, mass production denoted standardization; however, he combined the economic concept of standardization with Platonic ideal types. Muthesius' ideas were heavily criticized by a number of artists and architects. The debate between him and Van de Velde was not about mechanization, but on the role of the artist. Whereas Muthesius asserted that the artist was separated and abstracted from the production process, Van de Velde advocated the artistic freedom and creativity . Muthesius and Werkbund did not care much about the Fordist aspects of the mass production, rather they tried to bring organization to the otherwise chaotic world of the mass production ruled by fashion, individualism and arbitrariness. Peter Behrens' designs for AEG, which were c alled Types, epitomized the various tendencies within the Werkbund. Behrens's workplace in Berlin has become an atelier for many young architects including Walter Gropius, Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, who would shape the Modern Movement. They learned architecture directly from Behrens. As Curtis noted Le Corbusier practicality and idealism was enhanced through his work for Peter Behrens, who saw mechanization as a vital force in creation of the modern culture.5 Figure 1, Peter Behrens, Types, AEG, 1912. The Werkbund's approach was influential until the end of World War I. However, later on, both Gropius and Le Corbusier abandoned the theoretical approaches of the Werkbund. Before 1914, debates were focused on the design of commodities. After 1920, the architectural issues have increasingly become the focus. Adolf Loos holds a special place in the history of modern architecture, not just as a pioneering figure of the Modern movement, but also as a critic of the Werkebund. In his influential article â€Å"Ornament and Crime† (1908) he argued that elimination of ornaments from the useful objects was beneficial to culture â€Å"reducing the time spent on manual labour and releasing energy for the life of the mind†6. This article can be regarded as an attack to the Werkebund in a sense that it was unacceptable for Loos to give the artist a form-giving role7. He did not believe that the artist is the creator of everyday useful objects8.According to him, style was the outcome of several economic and cultural conditions. Hence he also criticized Muthesius on the ground that he substituted form for ornament9. As Kenneth Frampton indicated , for Loos â€Å"all culture depended on a certain continuity with the past; above all, on a consensus as to a

Article summary Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Article summary - Research Paper Example In addition, the findings revealed that the brain contains a neuron response that arouses a person to offer empathy to another after witnessing them in pain. Although care providers offer empathy to their patients as one way of treatment, nurses regulate their empathy to patients to avoid the traumatic effects of seeing patients in pain (Campbell-Yeo et al., 2008). The article plays an important role in educating caregivers on the effects of empathy to ailing patients as they treat them. From the study, empathy is an essential component in the management of pain. The article also sensitizes nurses to the extent of emerging evidence that empathetic aspects are uncontrollable and, thus, can render them vulnerable. In addition, the article contributes to the theoretical basis of nursing through reviewing the literature that exists on this subject, inspiring others to do more studies on it. The article contributes to nursing scientific growth through advising on the ethical behavior at work when dealing with patients in pain. Non-empathetic caregivers can now learn the behavior and better their services to

Security Essentials 1.5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Security Essentials 1.5 - Essay Example Contemporary society confronts security experts with distinct and frequently unprecedented security-associated concerns. The security sector was known as a growth sector even before 9/11 (Clifford, 2003). Affairs between civic law implementation agencies and private security experts in more recent years have been limited, even though it is purportedly transforming. History is full of cases where security purposes have been accomplished through the application of innovative minds, resourceful plans, and easily accessible solutions. Sectors evolve to meet these new social demands as society itself evolves. Exploration of artifacts offers evidence that shows attempts by the earliest communities to secure themselves from internal and external dangers. Particular communities discovered methods that were more dignified in an effort to assure security protection by building tools, starting agriculture, and settling in the long-term. These communities resided in regions with certain climates that presented particular security dangers as well as defenses (Clifford). Kangaroo justice was still a preferred option even after the establishment of formalized legislation in educated nations such as the United States. Historians commonly agree that tribal leaders or household members who represented the rest of the family determined security aims during eras that preceded recorded history and areas where legislations could not be implemented freely like the American Frontier. Archeological proof imply that civilizations dating as far back as five millennia BC designed and implemented laws to identify proper behavior. Ancient recorded attempts to build a series of criteria has been credited to the Sumerians as far back as five millennia BC. The Code of Hammurabi, 1750 BCE, is the later legal cannon that adopted Sumerian cannons, set up by King Hammurabi, and discovered in 1901. Draco’s Law applied to Athens in 621 BC and included punishments for numerous crimes that

Global market of malt barley Essay Example for Free

Global market of malt barley Essay Annual international trade of barley averages around 15 million metric ton and fluctuates from 12 to 16 million metric tons. This is about 9 -12% of total global production. Major exporters are EU, Australia, Ukraine, Canada and UK. US is neither a major exporter nor a major importer. Its export and imports are more or less same. US export mainly the feed barley and imports malt barley. The annual trade of feed barley comprises more than 75% of total barley trade while that of malt barley accounts for less than 25%. China and US being leaders in beer production account for over 60% of malt barley trade. China alone imports 50% while US about 11%. Leading Barley Import and Export Countries (Averages for 1998-2000) Country Imports (Mt x 1,000) Country Exports (Mt x 1,000) Saudi Arabia 4447 France 6758 Japan 2531 Germany 4040 China 2160 Australia 3973 Belgium-Luxembourg 1459 Canada 2196 Russian Federation 1005 United Kingdom 1898 Germany 941 Belgium-Luxembourg 1223 Brazil 880 United States 985 Netherlands 823 Denmark 960 Morocco 794 Ukraine 841. Italy 790 Turkey 659 United States 778 Sweden 606 Table 4: Global trade of barley in 1998-2000 (faostat) Sourcing Barley for Beer Production Malting companies in US processes about 3 million ton of malt barley annually of which about 1. 0 million ton is imported barley and the remaining (about 2 million ton) is produced in US itself. Therefore, a beer company in US should keep both the options – of sourcing from within the country from states like North Dakota, Montana and Idaho etc. and of importing open for sourcing barley. When it comes to import Canada should be the obvious choice due to geographic proximity. The next obvious choice has to be EU. As far as sourcing from domestic market is concerned the company can have a direct contract with major barley growers to save cost and ensure a reliable supply. In case of import from Canada the concerned agency is Canadian Wheat Board. Concerning Outsourcing of the product, a beer company should focus on Malting, Brewing, and Fermentation etc. instead of imports and domestic purchasing of commodities. Therefore, it is always better to outsource the product to a few good commodity trading companies. The commodity should be outsourced not to one company rather to more than one company to have a bargaining power over pricing and also to ensure a uninterrupted supply of barley in case of any unforeseen crisis to keep the brewery running. There can be another outsourcing approach for a new start up Beer Company. With malting being an established process. There are dozens of malting companies in US and hundreds on the globe and malt being a standard product being traded in the market globally. Therefore, for a start up Beer Company it will be a good idea to focus on brewing and fermentation, rather than going for setting up the malting facility. If the company specializes on producing better and special quality beer it can command better price for its beer and that business model should be more profitable than starting fro malting. Some important malt barley and malt suppliers in US are – 1. North Dakota Barley Council 2. Americas Malt, PO Box 5724 Minneapolis, MN 55440-5724 Tel: 1-952-742-5646 Fax: 1-952-742-5050 Internet: www. Cargill. com. Products: Barley Malt 3. Busch Agricultural Resources, Incorporated P. O. Box 427 West Fargo, ND 58078 Tel: 1-701-282-5752 Fax: 1-701-282-6260 Products: Malting Barley 4. Cargill, Inc. P. O. Box 9300 Minneapolis, MN 55440-9300 Tel: 1-952-736-8664 Fax: 1-952-742-6252 Internet: www. Cargill. com Products: Feed Barley, Malting Barley 5. Cenex Harvest States P. O. Box 64089 St. Paul, MN 55164-0089 Tel: 1-651-306-6156 Fax: 1-651-306-6570 Internet: www. harveststates. com Products: Feed Barley, Malting Barley 6. Columbia Grain 111 S. W. Columbia St, Suite 1200 Portland, OR 97201 Tel: 1-503-224-8624 Fax: 1-503-241-0296 Products: Feed Barley, Malting Barley 7. ConAgra Grain Companies 400 4th Street, Suite 850 PO Box 15083 Minneapolis, MN 55415 Tel: 1-612-341-2326 Fax: 1-612-341-2137 Products: Feed Barley, Malting Barley 8. ConAgra Malt P. O. Box 1529 Vancouver, WA 98668-1529 Tel: 1-360-699-9389 Fax: 1-360-696-8354 Products: Barley Malt 9. Coors Brewing Company 17755 West 32 Av. Brewing Materials BC 610 Golden, Colorado 80401 USA Tel:1-208-678-3586 Fax : 1-208-678-9669 Products: Malting Barley, Barley Malt 10. General Mills Operations, Inc.

Child Language Development Case Study

Child Language Development Case Study Introduction This paper explores a case study with one family with a child displaying slower language development, examining the case in the light of well-known theories around child development. These theories, which include scientific approaches, social approaches, and applied approaches to understanding and supporting child development, are evaluated in the light of the existing literature and in relation to health visiting practice. The Case Child A is a 2 year old male, the only child of a same sex lesbian couple, living in an ex-council house within a village environment. The area of the village in which they live is predominantly local authority housing, but they bought their house as a private sale from its previous owner. The biological mother, who for the purpose of this essay will be called Mother A, was brought up in this village, and left to attend university and have a career, returning when the child was 3 months old. Mother A works 21 hours a week as a nurse, and also works ad hoc shifts as an agency nurse. Mother B is a university graduate who left full time employment to move in with Mother A, and now works for a local women’s charity part time, as a child support worker. Child A displays normal development in most areas, and demonstrates clear cognition and understanding of language and interactions, potentially beyond the standard for his stage of development. However, Child A does not use verbal language himself very much, and at times displays behaviour which suggests he is withdrawn and not interested in socialising. Mother A states that Child A socialises well in the Creche he attends 3 days per week. However, Mother A also states that as a family they are very socially isolated. Mother A’s extended family lives within 3-5 miles of them, but has very limited contact, because of discomfort with their lifestyle. The family attempted to join a mother and toddler group, but were made to feel unwelcome, and both parents state that they are ostracised by their local community, and cannot access social support from a wider lesbian community because they have no childcare other than the crà ¨che. They have been unable to secure a childminder or babysitter because of their alternative family arrangement. Observations of interactions between parents and child demonstrate good, positive attention from both parents. Mother A is very ‘attuned’ to the child and ‘interprets’ behaviours and expressions, anticipating the child’s needs. Interaction between health visitor and child suggests the child is capable of proper linguistic expression. On one occasion, the child corrected the health visitor, to inform her that a shell in his ‘collection’ was grey, not white. The child also shows some ability to recognise alphanumeric characters. Despite this, verbal communication seems very limited. Discussion This case provides an interesting dilemma in exploring the theories which would explain the apparent linguistic retardation this child displays. Bowlby’s attachment theory, for example, might suggest that the child’s linguistic restriction is due to some element of attachment, and that the primary attachment figure for this child is Mother A. In the absence of what others might describe as a normal social sphere for the child, the attachment between Mother A and Child A may never have been challenged, and this close attachment means that the child feels no motivation to speak, because his needs are being anticipated by his primary caregiver. Discussion with both parents does not indicate that the child undergoes separation distress (Bowlby and Bowlby, 2005)), but this could be anticipated from what might be an overly strong and exclusive attachment to Mother A. However, this author feels that attachment theory does not provide a model to explain what effect this kind of relationship might have on linguistic development. Behavioural theories of child development might also provide some insight, particularly if the child views that his current behaviours are being rewarded and reinforced by one or both of his parents (see, for example, the theories of Skinner, Pavlov and Watson). Scientific and biological theories of linguistic development may shed some light on the situation. Chomsky (2007), for example argues that the development of language in the individual child depends on a combination of genetic factors, which precipitate language learning in terms of a biological imperative, experience, which relates to the placement of the child as interacting with its social world, and principles of development which are not specific to the faculty of language. What this demonstrates is a move away from Cartesian dualism, and the reintegration of the processes of the mind into the functional and developmental processes of the body (Chomsky, 2007). In this case, therefore, Child A is likely to have biological imperatives precipitating linguistic development, but may not be achieving his potential due to a possible deficit in his interactions with the social world. It may be that this theoretical perspective highlights the single most important feature in this case, t he lack of social integration into the wider social world, or into normal society. This is not to say that if a same sex lesbian family were socialising in peer groups or social networks, that this would not be normal – far from it. What is notable about this case is that the family are isolated from both general, â€Å"heterosexual† society and from peer-related social groups. If there are, then, elements of linguistic development which are founded on social interactions, a deficit in these areas would likely indicate a potential reason for Child A’s linguistic retardation. The family have attempted to ensure the child is with his own peer group by placing him in a crà ¨che, a group childcare environment, rather than a single carer environment, which is a positive move. However, it could be that even this is not sufficient to precipitate the linguistic development that would be expected of Child A at this point. Classic theories such as Piaget’s constructivist theory, which posits certain developmental stages, might be useful here. In Piaget’s theory, constructivism is an alternative to simple biological understandings of child development, and the development of children’s thinking and cognition is segemented into four stages, which are viewed as progressive (Dawson-Tunkin et al, 2004). Piaget’s stages suggest that children must all move through these stages, sequentially, in order to develop ‘normally’. It is unsurprising that many theorists argue against the centrality of these sorts of stages, as being too restrictive and rigid and not necessarily universally applicable (Dawson-Tunkin et al, 2004). Piaget posits that equilibration, the process of learning wherein the individual reflects on previous experiences to assimilate new concepts and knowledge into current knowledge, is perhaps the most significant of the features of children’s devel opment (Dawson-Tunkin et al, 2004). So, although Piaget understood that biological maturation may set the timetable and limits of some aspects of child development, but stresses that the environment in which children are placed, and their interactions with that environment, is essential to them developing as they should. â€Å"Children who have severely limited interactions with their environments simply will not have the opportunities to develop and organize their cognitive structures so as to achieve mature ways of thinking† (Cook and Cook, 2005). There appears to be an almost inbuilt dissatisfaction with equilibrium, requiring individuals to extend their cognitive structures by seeking out, assimilating and processes new information (Cook and Cook, 2005). This is complemented by reflective abstraction, in which individuals take note of something in their environment, then reflect on it (Cook and Cook, 2005). However, Piaget also argues that â€Å"children do not passively absorb structures from the adults and other people around them†¦[but] actively create their own accommodations and so construct their own understandings† (Cook and Cook, 2005). Feldman (2004) criticises Piaget’s theories because they do not properly allow for the individuality of children, and for differences in development which might be quite marked between children in different circumstances (Feldman, 2004). This author also questions whether there is any need for such rigorous demarcation of stages of development, because if they are still only theories, then labelling children as failing or falling behind might be detrimental to the child and his/her family. However, many theories of development, general and linguistic, do suggest that social environment and/or interactions affects cognitive and linguistic development. Therefore, it could be that in this case, Child A, through his experiences to date, which have been somewhat limited in wider social interaction, has developed his own understandings of the role and function of language in his life, and has perhaps come to the conclusion that the verbalisation of language, at least for him, is rarely necessary. Cognition is not absent, this is evident from interactions with him. He can speak, or at least, it is evident that he understands language, symbols and complex sentence structures, but he does not have any motivation to speak. If asked to carry out a relatively complex task, such as ‘put the shells back in the truck, and put the truck away†, he can do this, readily, and willingly. But if asked to describe what he is doing or to describe his truck, he uses one word answers, gestures and facial expressions to communicate. Cole et al (2004) discuss how positive emotions are important in child development, suggesting that â€Å"emotions organise attention and activity and facilitate strategic, persistent or powerful actions to overcome obstacles, solve problems and maintain wellbeing (Cole et al (2004). This might suggest that perhaps Child A is not being placed in situations where he is emotionally tested enough, in order to motivate him to utilise language in ways that other children might do. Bell and Wolfe (2004) also suggest that there is a need to better understand and explore the role of emotions in organizing and regulating a child’s thinking and learning, and also in understanding the role and of thinking, learning and action in the regulation of children’s emotions. Certainly both Piaget and Vygotsky both argue that children working together learn more than children attempting to, for example, solve problems alone (Cole et al, 2004). It would be no great stretch to see the connection between these collaborative or interactive experiences, the emotional responses of children, and their development, and this must include linguistic development, because these interactions would require the use of language, and perhaps, the development of new linguistic capabilities. Callanan (2006) states that children’s cognitive processes are connected to the language they hear around them. In this case, therefore, it could be argued that Child A may be limited linguistically because the language he hears around him is only that of his two main carers, and of course, the language he hears on television. His social isolation may be affecting the ways in which he is thinking about the world, because he is exposed to limited verbiage. A Freudian analysis of this situation would be both problematic and challenging. If Child A is passing through Freud’s stages of psychosexual development, it could be said that he is perhaps arrested in his oral stage of development, and has not moved out of this stage because of his relationship either with Mother A alone or with both of his female parents. Freudian analysis here is fraught with difficulties, however, because this is not a typical heterosexual relationship, and so the parameters within which Freud’s psychoanalytical theories are framed simply to do not apply. The whole issue of gender here could be a difficult one, because there may be those who believe that a male child needs a gender-similar role model, and his current parenting situation does not provide this. However, contemporary theories on child care and child rearing have veered away from gender-specific behaviours and advocated for gender-neutral child rearing, a reorientation which has follow ed in the wake of radical and second wave feminist theories (Martin, 2005). These feminist theories have at times rejected concepts such as socialisation in the development of children’s social and personal awareness and in developing gender identity (Martin, 2005). However, this author believes, as does Martin (2005), that socialisation is an important feature in child development, and that while Freudian theories posit primary socialisation as occurring within the home, socialisation also occurs once the child is exposed to new environments. If the child is only exposed to limited social environments, this might also mean the child does not become socialised to as many environments and behavioural codes as it should do. Certainly, this author has met colleagues who have argued that the lack of a male role model, or male role models in the home situation, would constitute a problem. However, it would seem that many would argue that gender neutral parenting would not affect d evelopment, particularly if gender and chld development is fixed by biology (Martin, 2005). Vetegodt and Merrick (2003) suggest that there are five important needs that children have, in relation to formation of their identity and in relation to their cognitive development. These needs are: â€Å"the need for acknowledgement, acceptance, awareness, or attentions, respect and care† (Vetegodt and Merrick, 2003). There is a suggestion that if children do not have these needs met, they may then modify their own identities to adjust to their parents and the situation (Vetegodt and Merrick, 2003). While this may not necessarily be true, in the case of Child A and his family, it might be that his needs are met in the home situation, but his needs may be being met in other situations. Certainly, conversations with the parents suggest that they fear his needs, of the nature described above, would not be met outside the family environment because of the nature of his family. There is an ongoing belief that childhood is of primary importance in children forming ‘healthy i dentities’ (Taylor, 2004). The Role of the Health Visitor These theories are mere explorations of potential reasons for an apparent deficit in linguistic development in Child A. Addressing this developmental issue with the parents, in this context, is likely to be somewhat challenging, particularly as the relationship between the health visitor and the parents is of primary importance (Jack et al, 2005). Certainly the child’s home situation is a positive one, and there are no issues in relation to economic or other deprivation. Both parents are intelligent and open to discussion about development and the child’s social needs, but both are also, understandably, sensitive about their continued social exclusion. However, the role of the health visitor is to promote the child’s health and wellbeing (Condon, 2008), and so part of the role in this situation is to assess this wellbeing and ensure the child is offered full participation in all the aspects of health promotion and disease prevention available (Condon, 2008). In t his case, as Mother A is a nurse, and Child A has been subject to all necessary health checks, immunisations, and the like. Engaging with the family has allowed the health visitor to identify elements of the home situation which could affect maternal wellbeing, and so affect child development and wellbeing, but there are no signs of postnatal depression or anything else to raise any warning signs (Peckover, 2003) Here, the role of the health visitor may be to assist the family in identifying ways of extending their social sphere and social life, and integrating their child into social groups and networks which might be more accepting of their alternative family construct. However, there are limits to what a health visitor can advise, and it might be necessary to look at other disciplines, other professionals, and other agencies to support this family. Certainly with changes in the law and social life in recent years, it is becoming less challenging for alternative families to find support and inclusion, but in this case, it would seem that social inclusion may be negatively impacting upon their child’s development. The public health dimension of the health visitor role is very much vaunted in the literature and in governmental policy, but is less easy to realise in practice (Cameron and Christie, 2007). Yet activities such as those discussed in this essay contribute to the public health dimension of the health visitor’s role, in concrete ways. Perhaps it is most important to view the macrocosm of public health policy in relation to the microcosm of the daily work of the health visitor, although it is not always easy to evaluate the day to day function of this role in relation to wider public health improvements. Conclusion It would appear that, whatever the theoretical standpoint, there seem to be a range of ways of defining child development, and many of these relate to the way that children relate to their environment. While there may be a biological imperative to develop cognitively, developing cognitive and, in the case of Child A, linguistic processes, there can be factors which can negatively affect these processes. If these factors are socially mediated, then the social environment that the child finds itself in may be as important as providing good nutrition and health protection. The author deliberately chose a family which was not characterised by typical socio-economic deprivation, or domestic violence, or drug abuse, to demonstrate that child development is fundamentally about the child learning to interact with others, peers and adults alike, in a range of social contexts, and it would seem, from this case, that linguistic development may be more psychologically mediated by such contexts. It may be more than a simple biological/cognitive process, and may require exposure to a range of social settings to fully develop properly, to motivate the child to use language effectively. References Bee, H Boyd, D (2006). The developing child. 11th Ed. USA: Allyn Bacon Longman. Bell, M.A. and Wolfe, C.d. (2004) Emotion and cognition: an intricately bound developmental process. Child Development 75 (2) 366-370. Bowlby, J Bowlby, R (2005). Making and breaking affectional bonds. London: Routledge. 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